Process for superabsorbent polymer and crosslinker composition

ABSTRACT

The present invention further relates to a process to make a superabsorbent polymer comprising the steps of a) preparing a neutralized monomer solution comprising a polymerizable monomer selected from unsaturated acid groups-containing monomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts, or derivatives thereof and a caustic agent selection from an alkali agent, wherein the polymerizable monomer is neutralized to from about 50 mol % to about 85 mol %; b) forming a crosslinker monomer mixture by adding an internal crosslinker composition to the neutralized monomer solution wherein the internal crosslinking composition is the reaction product of a stoichiometric excess of amine with a glycidyl compound, wherein the internal crosslinker composition has a residual amount of glycidyl compounds of less than about 500 ppm based on the mass of the internal crosslinker composition; and c) polymerizing the crosslinker monomer mixture to make a superabsorbent polymer.

BACKGROUND

The present invention is directed towards a superabsorbent polymer,particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions, methods to make suchproducts and absorbent articles containing such products, and to aprocess to make a crosslinker composition. Examples of superabsorbentpolymer may include a crosslinked partially neutralized polymer,including crosslinked polyacrylic acids or crosslinked starch-acrylicacid graft polymers, that are capable of absorbing large amounts ofaqueous liquids and body fluids, such as urine or blood, with swellingand the formation of hydrogels, and of retaining the aqueous liquidsunder a certain pressure in accordance with the general definition ofsuperabsorbent polymer. Superabsorbent polymer may be formed intoparticles, generally referred to as particulate superabsorbent polymer,wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer may be post-treated withsurface crosslinking, surface treatment, and other treatment to formparticulate superabsorbent polymer compositions. The acronym SAP may beused in place of superabsorbent polymer, superabsorbent polymercomposition, and particles hereof. A primary use of superabsorbentpolymer and superabsorbent polymer compositions is in sanitary articles,such as babies' diapers, incontinence products, or sanitary towels. Acomprehensive survey of superabsorbent polymers, and their use andmanufacture, is given in F. L. Buchholz and A. T. Graham (editors) in“Modern Superabsorbent Polymer Technology,” Wiley-VCR, New York, 1998.

Superabsorbent polymers may be prepared by initially neutralizingunsaturated carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof, such as acrylicacid, alkali metal (e.g., sodium and/or potassium) or ammonium salts ofacrylic acid, alkyl acrylates, and the like in the presence of a caustictreatment, such as sodium hydroxide, and then polymerizing the productwith a relatively small amount of an internal, or monomer, crosslinkersuch as a di- or poly-functional monomer. The di- or poly-functionalmonomer materials may serve as covalent internal crosslinking agents tolightly crosslink the polymer chains, thereby rendering themwater-insoluble, yet water-swellable. These lightly crosslinkedsuperabsorbent polymers contain a multiplicity of carboxyl groupsattached to the polymer backbone. These carboxyl groups generate anosmotic driving force for the absorption of body fluids by thecrosslinked polymer network.

In addition to covalent internal crosslinking agents, ionic internalcrosslinking agents have been utilized to prepare superabsorbentpolymers. The ionic internal crosslinking agents are generallycoordination compounds comprising polyvalent metal cations, such as Al³⁺and Ca²⁺, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,929 and U.S. Pat. No.7,285,614. The superabsorbent polymers disclosed in these patents have aslow rate of absorption, due to the presence of ionic crosslinks. Inthis context, the absorption rate may be measured by a Vortex Test.

Superabsorbent polymers, useful as absorbents in absorbent articles suchas disposable diapers, need to have adequately high absorption capacity,as well as adequately high gel strength. Absorption capacity needs to besufficiently high to enable the absorbent polymer to absorb significantamounts of the aqueous body fluids encountered during use of theabsorbent article. Gel strength relates to the tendency of the swollenpolymer particles to resist deformation under an applied stress, andneeds to be such that the particles do not deform under pressure, andfill the capillary void spaces in the absorbent member, or article, toan unacceptable degree, which is generally called “gel blocking”,thereby inhibiting the rate of fluid uptake, or the fluid distribution,by the member or article. Once gel-blocking occurs, it can substantiallyimpede the distribution of fluids to relatively dry zones or regions inthe absorbent article, and leakage from the absorbent article can takeplace well before the particles of absorbent polymer in the absorbentarticle are fully saturated, or before the fluid can diffuse or wickpast the “blocking” particles into the rest of the absorbent article.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,087,450 is directed to providing internal, or monomer,crosslinking agents and superabsorbent polymers cross-linked with them,as well as a process for making the superabsorbent polymer includingsuch internal crosslinking agents. Such internal crosslinking agents arecharacterized by the fact that by means of reacting, for example, asaturated glycidyl compound with unsaturated amines, for example,allylamines, they open the epoxide ring, thereby forming a hydroxylgroup which is optionally available for a subsequent ethoxylation. Thereare also other reaction paths to produce the cross-linking agentsaccording to the present invention; for example, reacting amines withunsaturated glycidyl compounds, such as (meth)allyl glycidyl ethers orglycidyl (meth)acrylates. However, it has been found that such polymersmade in accordance with the technology of the '450 patent may includehigh residual amounts of the respective glycidyl compounds, which needto be reduced. In particular, it has been found that such polymers mayinclude about 2500 ppm of the respective residual glycidyl compounds.Reduction of the amount of residual glycidyl in the internal crosslinkerwould make this crosslinker more suitable for the manufacture ofpolymers such as superabsorbent polymers.

Therefore, there is still a need to improve the content of therespective glycidyl compound(s) of the superabsorbent polymers as setforth in the '450 patent by reducing the residual glycidyl compound(s).

SUMMARY

The present invention includes numerous embodiments, of which some areincluded herein. One embodiment of the present invention is a process tomake a superabsorbent polymer comprising the steps of a) preparing aneutralized monomer solution comprising a polymerized monomer whereinthe monomer is selected from unsaturated acid groups-containingmonomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts, orderivatives thereof and a caustic agent selection from an alkali agent,wherein the monomer is neutralized to from about 50 mol % to about 85mol %; b) forming a crosslinker containing monomer mixture by adding aninternal crosslinker composition to the neutralized monomer solutionwherein the internal crosslinking composition is the reaction product ofamine and glycidyl compounds selected from,

-   -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes        a stoichiometric excess of amines/unreacted amino functions, and        the internal crosslinker composition has a residual amount of        glycidyl compounds of less than about 500 ppm, or less than        about 100 ppm, or less than about 5 ppm based on the mass of the        internal crosslinker composition as determined by the Glycidyl        Compound in Amine-Glycidyl Compound Reaction Products Test set        forth herein; and c) polymerizing the crosslinker containing        monomer mixture to make a superabsorbent polymer.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition having increased permeability whereinthe particulate superabsorbent polymer comprises

-   a) a polymerizable monomer wherein the monomer is selected from    unsaturated acid groups-containing monomers, ethylenically    unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts, or derivatives    thereof;-   b) an internal crosslinker composition that is the reaction product    selected from    -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein components a) and b) are polymerized and granulated to        form particulate superabsorbent polymer which has a particle        surface, wherein at least 40 wt % of the particulate        superabsorbent polymer has a particle size from about 300 μm to        about 600 μm;-   c) from about 0.01 to about 5 wt % based on the dry particulate    superabsorbent polymer composition weight of surface crosslinking    agent applied to the particle surface;-   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes a    stoichiometric excess of amines/unreacted amino functions, and the    internal crosslinker composition has a residual amount of glycidyl    compounds of less than about 500 ppm, or less than about 100 ppm, or    less than about 5 ppm based on the mass of the internal crosslinker    composition as determined by the Glycidyl Compound in Amine-Glycidyl    Compound Reaction Products Test set forth herein; and wherein the    particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a Centrifuge    Retention Capacity of from 20 g/g to 40 g/g as determined by the    Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test set forth herein, and a gel bed    permeability of at least about 5 Darcy as determined by the Gel Bed    Permeability Test set forth herein.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process tomake a crosslinking composition comprising the step of preparing acrosslinker monomer mixture by adding an internal crosslinkercomposition to the neutralized monomer solution wherein the internalcrosslinking composition is the reaction product of amines and glycidylcompounds selected from,

-   -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes        a stoichiometric excess of amines/unreacted amino functions.

Numerous other aspects of embodiments, features, and advantages of thepresent invention will appear from the following detailed description,accompanying drawings, and claims. In the interest of brevity andconciseness, any ranges of values set forth in this specificationcontemplate all values within the range and are to be construed assupport for claims reciting any sub-ranges having endpoints which arereal number values within the specified range in question.

These and other aspects, advantages, and salient features of the presentinvention will become apparent from the following detailed description,the accompanying drawings, and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The foregoing and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentinvention will become better understood with regard to the followingdescription, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

FIG. 1 is a side view of the test apparatus employed for the Free SwellGel Bed Permeability Test;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a cylinder/cup assemblyemployed in the Free Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test apparatus shown inFIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a top view of a plunger employed in the Free Swell Gel BedPermeability Test apparatus shown in FIG. 1; and

FIG. 4 is a side view of the test apparatus employed for the AbsorbencyUnder Load Test.

DEFINITIONS

It should be noted that, when employed in the present disclosure, theterms “comprises,” “comprising,” and other derivatives from the rootterm “comprise” are intended to be open-ended terms that specify thepresence of any stated features, elements, integers, steps, orcomponents, and are not intended to preclude the presence or addition ofone or more other features, elements, integers, steps, components, orgroups thereof.

As used herein, the term “about” modifying the quantity of an ingredientin the compositions of the invention or employed in the methods of theinvention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur,for example, through typical measuring and liquid handling proceduresused for making concentrates or use solutions in the real world; throughinadvertent error in these procedures; through differences in themanufacture, source, or purity of the ingredients employed to make thecompositions or carry out the methods; and the like. The term about alsoencompasses amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditionsfor a composition resulting from a particular initial mixture. Whetheror not modified by the term “about” the claims include equivalents tothe quantities.

The term “absorbent article” as used herein refers to devices thatabsorb and contain body exudates, and, more specifically, refers todevices that are placed against or in proximity to the body of thewearer to absorb and contain the various exudates discharged from thebody. Absorbent articles may include diapers, training pants, adultincontinence undergarments, feminine hygiene products, breast pads, caremats, bibs, wound dressing products, and the like. Absorbent articlesmay further include floor cleaning articles, food industry articles, andthe like.

The term “Centrifuge Retention Capacity (CRC)” as used herein refers tothe ability of the particulate superabsorbent polymer to retain liquidtherein after being saturated and subjected to centrifugation undercontrolled conditions and is stated as grams of liquid retained per gramweight of the sample (g/g) as measured by the Centrifuge RetentionCapacity Test set forth herein.

The terms “crosslinked”, “crosslink”, “crosslinker”, or “crosslinking”as used herein refers to any means for effectively rendering normallywater-soluble materials substantially water-insoluble but swellable.Such a crosslinking means can include, for example, physicalentanglement, crystalline domains, covalent bonds, ionic complexes andassociations, hydrophilic associations such as hydrogen bonding,hydrophobic associations, or Van der Waals forces.

The term “internal crosslinker” or “monomer crosslinker” as used hereinrefers to use of a crosslinker in the monomer solution to form thepolymer.

The term “Darcy” as used herein refers to a CGS unit of permeability.One Darcy is the permeability of a solid through which one cubiccentimeter of fluid, having a viscosity of one centipoise, will flow inone second through a section one centimeter thick and one squarecentimeter in cross-section, if the pressure difference between the twosides of the solid is one atmosphere. It turns out that permeability hasthe same units as area; since there is no SI unit of permeability,square meters are used. One Darcy is equal to about 0.98692×10⁻¹² m² orabout 0.98692×10⁻⁸ cm².

The term “diaper” as used herein refers to an absorbent articlegenerally worn by infants and incontinent persons about the lower torsoso as to encircle the waist and legs of the wearer and that isspecifically adapted to receive and contain urinary and fecal waste.

The term “dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition” as usedherein generally refers to the superabsorbent polymer composition havingless than about 10% moisture.

The term “gel permeability” as used herein refers to a property of themass of particles as a whole and is related to particle sizedistribution, particle shape, and the connectedness of the open poresbetween the particles, shear modulus, and surface modification of theswollen gel. In practical terms, the gel permeability of thesuperabsorbent polymer composition is a measure of how rapidly liquidflows through the mass of swollen particles. Low gel permeabilityindicates that liquid cannot flow readily through the superabsorbentpolymer composition, which is generally referred to as gel blocking, andthat any forced flow of liquid (such as a second application of urineduring use of the diaper) must take an alternate path (e.g., diaperleakage).

The term “mass median particle size” of a given sample of particles ofsuperabsorbent polymer composition is defined as the particle size,which divides the sample in half on a mass basis, i.e., half of thesample by weight has a particle size greater than the mass medianparticle size, and half of the sample by mass has a particle size lessthan the mass median particle size. Thus, for example, the mass medianparticle size of a sample of superabsorbent polymer compositionparticles is 2 microns if one-half of the sample by weight is measuredas more than 2 microns.

The terms “particle,” “particulate,” and the like, when used with theterm “superabsorbent polymer,” refers to the form of discrete units. Theunits can comprise flakes, fibers, agglomerates, granules, powders,spheres, pulverized materials, or the like, as well as combinationsthereof. The particles can have any desired shape: for example, cubic,rod-like polyhedral, spherical or semi-spherical, rounded orsemi-rounded, angular, irregular, et cetera.

The terms “particulate superabsorbent polymer” and “particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition” refer to the form of superabsorbentpolymer and superabsorbent polymer compositions in discrete form,wherein the “particulate superabsorbent polymer” and “particulatesuperabsorbent polymer compositions” may have a particle size of lessthan 1000 μm, or from about 150 μm to about 850 μm.

The term “permeability” as used herein refers a measure of the effectiveconnectedness of a porous structure, in this case, crosslinked polymers,and may be specified in terms of the void fraction, and extent ofconnectedness of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition.

The term “polymer” includes, but is not limited to, homopolymers,copolymers, for example, block, graft, random, and alternatingcopolymers, terpolymers, etc., and blends and modifications thereof.Furthermore, unless otherwise specifically limited, the term “polymer”shall include all possible configurational isomers of the material.These configurations include, but are not limited to isotactic,syndiotactic, and atactic symmetries.

The term “polyolefin” as used herein generally includes, but is notlimited to, materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene,polyisobutylene, polystyrene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and thelike, the homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers, etc., thereof, andblends and modifications thereof. The term “polyolefin” shall includeall possible structures thereof, which include, but are not limited to,isotatic, synodiotactic, and random symmetries. Copolymers includeatactic and block copolymers.

The term “stoichiometric” as used herein refers to the quantitativerelationships among substances as they participate in the reactionproducing the adduct of the amines and glycidyl compounds.

The term “stoichiometric excess” or “stoichiometric excess of amines” or“stoichiometric excess of amines/unreacted amino functions” as usedherein refers to the relation of the amount of the N—H functional groupsand the glycidyl compound molecules wherein there are more N—Hfunctional groups than the glycidyl compound molecules in a reaction.

The term “superabsorbent polymer” as used herein refers towater-swellable, water-insoluble organic or inorganic materialsincluding superabsorbent polymers and superabsorbent polymercompositions capable, under the most favorable conditions, of absorbingat least about 10 times their weight, or at least about 15 times theirweight, or at least about 25 times their weight in an aqueous solutioncontaining 0.9 weight percent sodium chloride.

The term “superabsorbent polymer composition” as used herein refers to asuperabsorbent polymer comprising a surface additive in accordance withthe present invention.

The term “surface crosslinking” as used herein refers to the level offunctional crosslinks in the vicinity of the surface of thesuperabsorbent polymer particle, which is generally higher than thelevel of functional crosslinks in the interior of the superabsorbentpolymer particle. As used herein, “surface” describes the outer-facingboundaries of the particle.

The term “thermoplastic” as used herein describes a material thatsoftens when exposed to heat and which substantially returns to anon-softened condition when cooled to room temperature.

The term “% by weight” or “% wt” as used herein and referring tocomponents of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition, isto be interpreted as based on the weight of the dry superabsorbentpolymer composition, unless otherwise specified herein.

These terms may be defined with additional language in the remainingportions of the specification.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While typical aspects of embodiment and/or embodiments have been setforth for the purpose of illustration, this Detailed Description and theaccompanying drawings should not be deemed to be a limitation on thescope of the invention. Accordingly, various modifications, adaptations,and alternatives may occur to one skilled in the art without departingfrom the spirit and scope of the present invention. By way of ahypothetical illustrative example, a disclosure in this specification ofa range of from 1 to 5 shall be considered to support claims to any ofthe following ranges: 1-5; 1-4; 1-3; 1-2; 2-5; 2-4; 2-3; 3-5; 3-4; and4-5.

It is the object of the present invention to provide a process to make asuperabsorbent polymer and a particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition cross-linked with at least one internal crosslinkercomposition, as well as and the superabsorber polymers are suitable foruse in diaper constructions or other technical applications, as well asa process to make the crosslinker composition.

One embodiment of the present invention is a process to make asuperabsorbent polymer comprising the steps of a) preparing aneutralized monomer solution comprising a polymerized monomer whereinthe monomer is selected from unsaturated acid groups-containingmonomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts, orderivatives thereof and a caustic agent selection from an alkali agent,wherein the monomer is neutralized to from about 50 mol % to about 85mol %; b) forming a monomer mixture by adding an internal crosslinkercomposition to the neutralized monomer solution wherein the internalcrosslinking composition is the reaction product of amine and glycidylcompounds selected from,

-   -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes        a stoichiometric excess of amines, and the internal crosslinker        composition has a residual glycidyl of less than about 500 ppm        as determined by the Glycidyl Compound in Amine-Glycidyl        Compound Reaction Products Test set forth herein; and c)        polymerizing the monomer mixture to make a superabsorbent        polymer.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition having increased permeability whereinthe particulate superabsorbent polymer comprises

-   a) a polymerizable monomer wherein the monomer is selected from    unsaturated acid groups-containing monomers, ethylenically    unsaturated carboxylic acid anhydride, salts, or derivatives    thereof;-   b) an internal crosslinker composition that is the reaction product    selected from    -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein components a) and b) are polymerized and granulated to        form particulate superabsorbent polymer which has a particle        surface, wherein at least 40 wt % of the particulate        superabsorbent polymer has a particle size from about 300 μm to        about 600 μm;-   c) from about 0.01 to about 5 wt % based on the dry particulate    superabsorbent polymer composition weight of surface crosslinking    agent applied to the particle surface;-   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes a    stoichiometric excess of amines, and the internal crosslinker    composition has a residual amount of glycidyl compounds of less than    about 500 ppm as determined by the Glycidyl Compound in    Amine-Glycidyl Compound Reaction Products Test set forth herein; and    wherein the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition has a    Centrifuge Retention Capacity of from about 20 g/g to about 40 g/g,    and a gel bed permeability of at least about 5 Darcy, and an    Absorption at Pressure at 0.7 psi (AAP(0.7 psi)) from about 15 g/g    to about 30 g/g, and a Saline Flow Conductivity (SFC) from about    20×10⁻⁷ cm sec/g to about 200×10⁻⁷ cm sec/g.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to a process tomake a crosslinking composition comprising the step of

-   a) preparing a crosslinker monomer mixture by adding an internal    crosslinker composition to the neutralized monomer solution wherein    the internal crosslinking composition is the reaction product of    amines and glycidyl compounds selected from,    -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds;    -   wherein the stoichiometric amount of the amines and glycidyl        compounds includes a stoichiometric excess of amines.

The process to make a superabsorbent polymer as set forth in embodimentsof the present invention is obtained by the initial polymerization offrom about 55% to about 99.9% by weight of the superabsorbent polymer ofpolymerizable unsaturated acid group containing monomer. A suitablepolymerizable monomer includes any of those containing carboxyl groups,such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, or mixtures thereof. It isdesirable for at least about 50% by weight, and more desirable for atleast about 75% by weight of the acid groups to be carboxyl groups.

As to acrylic acid, it is important to use acrylic acid that is known byits contents to be pure, that is the acrylic acid having at least 99.5wt % concentration, or at least 99.7 wt % concentration, or at least99.8% concentration. The principal component of this monomer may beeither acrylic acid, or acrylic acid and an acrylate salt. Impurities inacrylic acid may include water, propionic acid, acetic acid, anddiacrylic acid, commonly called acrylic acid dimer. Content of thediacrylic acid should be 1000 ppm or less, or 500 ppm or less, or 300ppm or less, when the acrylic acid is used in the process. In addition,it is important to minimize the generation of β-hydroxyproprionic acidduring the neutralization process to less than about 1000 ppm, or lessthan about 500 ppm, of β-hydroxyproprionic acid.

Moreover, in the acrylic acid, the content of protoanemonin and/orfurfural is 0 to 20 ppm by weight in terms of the converted value basedon acrylic acid. In the light of improvement physical properties andcharacteristics of the water absorbing resin, content of protoanemoninand/or furfural in the monomer is not higher than 10 ppm by weight, orfrom 0.01 to 5 ppm by weight, or from 0.05 to 2 ppm by weight, or from0.1 to 1 ppm by weight in terms of the converted value based on acrylicacid.

Further, in the monomer, it is preferred that the amount of aldehydecomponent other than furfural and/or maleic acid is as small as possiblefor the same reason. Specifically, the content of the aldehyde componentother than furfural and/or maleic acid may be from 0 to 5 ppm by weight,or from 0 to about 3 ppm by weight, or from 0 to about 1 ppm by weight,or 0 ppm by weight (not higher than detection limit) in terms of theconverted value based on acrylic acid. Examples of the aldehydecomponent other than furfural include benzaldehyde, acrolein,acetaldehyde and the like.

Additionally, in the monomer or particulate superabsorbent polymer ofthe present invention, content of saturated carboxylic acid consistingof acetic acid and/or propionic acid, not higher than about 1000 ppm byweight, or from about 10 to about 800 ppm by weight, or from about 100to about 500 ppm by weight in terms of the converted value based onacrylic acid.

In some aspects, the suitable monomer that can be copolymerized with theethylenically unsaturated monomer may include, but is not limited to,acrylamide, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, dimethylaminoalkyl(meth)-acrylate, ethoxylated (meth)-acrylates,dimethylaminopropylacrylamide, or acrylamidopropyltrimethylammoniumchloride. Such monomer may be present in a range of from 0% to about 50wt % based on the acrylic acid of the copolymerized monomer.

The acid groups are neutralized to the extent of at least about 25 mol%, that is, the acid groups are desirably present as sodium, potassium,or ammonium salts. The neutralization may be accomplished by eitheradding a caustic solution to a monomer solution, or by adding themonomer solution to a caustic solution. In some aspects, the degree ofneutralization may be at least about 50 mol % or may be from about 50mol % to about 85 mol %. In some aspects, it is desirable to utilizepolymers obtained by polymerization of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid,the carboxyl groups of which are neutralized to the extent of from about50 mol % to about 80 mol %, in the presence of internal crosslinkingagents.

When partially neutralized or completely neutralized acrylate salt isturned into the polymer in the particulate water absorbing agentfollowing polymerization, the converted value based on acrylic acid maybe determined through converting the partially neutralized or completelyneutralized polyacrylate salt is assumed to be entirely the equimolarunneutralized polyacrylic acid.

For convenience the term amines as used herein shall collectively andindividually refer to saturated amines, saturated polyamines,ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically unsaturatedpolyamines; and the term glycidyl compounds as used herein shallcollectively and individually refer to ethylenically unsaturatedglycidyl compounds, ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds,saturated glycidyl compounds, and/or saturated polyglycidyl compounds

The superabsorbent polymer includes crosslinking points wherein thesuperabsorbent polymer can be crosslinked with an internal crosslinkingcomposition. Suitable internal crosslinker compositions in thisembodiment may include, but are not limited to an internal crosslinkercomposition which is the reaction product of amine and glycidylcompounds selected from,

-   -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl        compounds    -   wherein the reaction amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds        includes a stoichiometric excess of amines. In particular, the        amount of the glycidyl groups may be from about 75 wt % to about        99 wt % of the molar amount of NH-functions, or from about 85 wt        % to about 98 wt %, or from about 90 wt % to about 97 wt % of        the molar amount of NH-functions.

This object is achieved by using internal crosslinking compositions,which are characterized by means of reacting a glycidyl compound withamines or polyamines, for example, allylamines or alkylenediamines, theyopen the epoxide ring, thereby forming a hydroxyl group which isoptionally available for a subsequent ethoxylation. The hydroxyl groupcan be ethoxylated when a catalyst such as NaOH or KOH is used.

The internal crosslinker compositions as set forth above have an excessstoichiometric amount of the amines/NH-functions that can be taken careof by reacting the amines/NH-functions with an alkylene oxide, such asEO or PO, and remove the excess of the non-rected alkylene oxide by theapplication of a slight vacuum. The internal crosslinker composition hasa residual amount of glycidyl compounds of less than about 500 ppm, orless than about 100 ppm or less than about 5 ppm based on the mass ofthe internal crosslinker composition as determined by the GlycidylCompound in Amine-Glycidyl Compound Reaction Products Test set forthherein.

The internal crosslinker compositions set forth above may be prepare bya process comprising the step of

-   a) preparing a crosslinker monomer mixture by reacting amines and    glycidyl compounds selected from,    -   (i) saturated amines and/or saturated polyamines with        ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or        ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/or        saturated polyglycidyl compounds, or    -   (iii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenically        unsaturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl        and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds;    -   wherein the amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes        a stoichiometric excess of amines, and the internal crosslinker        composition has a residual amount of glycidyl compounds of less        than about 500 ppm, or less than about 100 ppm, or less than        about 5 ppm based on the mass of the internal crosslinker        composition as determined by the Glycidyl Compound in        Amine-Glycidyl Compound Reaction Products Test set forth herein.

In particular, the foregoing internal crosslinking composition may beprepared by:

-   a) prepare a reaction vessel equipped with an agitator, heating and    cooling facilities and a vacuum system purged with nitrogen;-   b) add the amine and water to the vessel of a) and heating the    additives to from about 70 to about 90° C.;-   c) adding the glycidyl composition at the raised temperature to the    additives in the vessel under agitation and cooling, wherein the    amount of the amines and glycidyl compounds includes a    stoichiometric excess of amines;-   d) heat the mixture to from about 100° C. to about 120° C.;-   e) remove the water from the mixture by distillation; and-   f) remove the final product.

The crosslinking agents of the present invention may be alkoxylated atthe site of the free hydroxyl or NH groups. Without being limited by thefollowing, it is known that the free NH groups are much more reactivethan the free hydroxyl groups, which usually require a catalyst such asNaOH or KOH for the reaction. To this end, the alcohols according to thepresent invention may be reacted, for example, with ethylene orpropylene oxide, or their mixtures. The alcohols may be reacted withethylene oxide(EO) or propylene oxide(PO). This may also result in animproved water solubility of the cross-linker. Up to 45 moles EO, or upto 20 moles EO, or up to 12 moles EO may be added per hydroxyl group.This will also work for residual NH groups. NH-groups are even morereactive and can be reacted without alkaline or acidic catalysts. Theunderstoichiometric amounts of glycidyl compounds with respect toNH-functions will leave some unreacted NH-functions at the end of thereaction and helps to reduce the residual amounts of glycidyl compoundsto the desired limits of less than 500 ppm, or less than 50 ppm or lessthan 5 ppm as determined by the Allyl Glycidyl Ether (AGE) in Amine-AGEReaction Products Test. In addition, the above-mentioned polyethyleneglycol chains of the glycidyl compounds may comprise up to 45, or up to20, or up to 12 ethylene glycol units. In case of the use of PO withoutany additional catalyst, the residual amounts of NH-functions may bedirectly propoxylated, forming secondary alcohol groups. The excess ofPO is easily removed by applying a slight vacuum.

There are also other reaction paths to produce the cross-linking agentsaccording to the present invention; for example, reacting amines withunsaturated glycidyl compounds, such as (meth)allyl glycidyl ethers orglycidyl (meth)acrylates. In accordance with the different reactionpossibilities of producing these cross-linker structures, variouscrosslinker compositions may be derived and are set forth herein.

In particular, the internal crosslinker may be made by preparing asolution of an amine and water being charged into a reactor including anagitator, heating and cooling facilities. The solution is heated fromabout 60 to about 100° C. A selected amount of the glycidyl compound isadded over a time period under agitation and cooling. The reactionmixture is heated, and water is distilled off under vacuum and the finalproduct is cooled to room temperature. More specific details aboutmaking the internal crosslinker asset forth herein can be found in theExamples section of this application.

Suitable reaction components to produce the unsaturated amino/glycidylcross-linking agents according to the present invention, for example,are set out in the following.

The saturated amines, ethylenically unsaturated amines, saturatedpolyamines, and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyamines may includealiphatic as well as aromatic, heterocyclic and cyclic compounds assuitable amines components for the reaction with the glycidyl compounds;including for example, (mono, di and poly)aminoalkanes, (mono, di andpoly)aminopolyethers, allylamine, alkyl(meth)allylamines, e.g., methylallylamine, methyl methallylamine, ethyl methallylamine, and ethylallylamine; methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- and butylamine, diallylamine,dimethallylamine, aniline, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine,hexamethylenediamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine, neopentane diamine,1,2-propylenediamine, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine,4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine, polyether diamines, polyalkylene glycoldiamines, 3-amino-1-methylaminopropane, bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine,isophorone diamine, 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane,1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine,4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone,2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, aminopyridine, glucosamine, and mixturesthereof.

The ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl compounds, ethylenicallyunsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, saturated glycidyl compounds, and/orsaturated polyglycidyl compounds to be used according to the presentinvention may be mono-, di- or polyfunctional. Examples ofmonofunctional glycidyl compounds used alone or in admixture include:ethylene glycol monoglycidyl ether and the related C₁-C₆-alkyl ethers oresters; glycidol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, (meth)allyl glycidylethers, polyethylene glycol monoglycidyl ethers and the relatedC₁-C₆-alkyl ethers or esters; vinyl glycidyl ethers,glycidyl(meth)acrylates, glycidyl(meth)allyl ethers, or1-halogen-2,3-epoxypropane. Ethylene glycol or polyglycol diglycidylethers; glycerol, trimethylolpropane, or pentaerythritol triglycidylethers; polyglycerol polyglycidyl ethers, sorbitol polyglycidyl ethers,or their mixtures are used as multifunctional glycidyl ethers.

The following structures as shown in Table 1 may be examples forsuitable glycidyl compounds.

TABLE 1 Name Structure allyl glycidyl ether (AGE)

glycidyl methacrylate

glycidyl acrylate

EGDGE (ethylene glycol dicglycidylether)

Some examples of internal crosslinking agents according to the presentinvention include, but are not limited to, diallylaminoethanol,diallylaminopolyglycol ether, 1,3-bis(diallylamino)-2-propanol,N,N-diallylamino-1-amino-3-allyloxy-2-propanol, polyethylene glycoldi(N,N-diallyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-prop-1-yl)ether, ethylene glycoldi(N,N-diallyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-prop-1-yl)ether, alkoxylated1,3-bis(diallylamino)-2-propanol, alkoxylated1-allyloxy-3-(diallylamino)-2-propanol, alkoxylated polyethylene glycoldi(N,N-diallyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-prop-1-yl)ether, alkoxylated ethyleneglycol di(N,N-diallyl-3-amino-2-hydroxy-prop-1-yl)ether,N,N-di(allyloxy-2-hydroxy-prop-3-yl)aniline, alkoxylatedN,N-di(allyloxy-2-hydroxy-prop-3-yl)aniline,1,2-bis[N,N-di(allyloxy-2-hydroxy-prop-3-yl)]ethane andbis[N,N-di(allyloxy-2-hydroxy-prop-3-yl)]aminoethyl-(allyloxy-2-hydroxy-prop-3-yl)aminetetrakis-N,N,N′,N′[3-allyloxyhydroxy propyl]ethylene diamine, plusalkoxylated products thereof. The above-mentioned polyethylene glycolether units may comprise a maximum of 45 moles of ethylene oxide and/orpropylene oxide, or a maximum of 20, or a maximum of 15 moles ofethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. According to another embodimentof the present invention, the N-atoms of the cross-linkers are partiallyor completely quaternized.

The internal crosslinker compositions, or their mixtures, to be usedaccording to the present invention may be used in amounts in thesuperabsorbent polymer of from about 0.01 to about 3.0%-wt., or fromabout 0.05 to about 1.5%-wt., or from about 0.1 to about 1.0%-wt.,relative to the monomers.

In another embodiment, the superabsorbent polymer may include from about0.001 to about 0.1 wt % based on the monomer of a second internalcrosslinker which may comprise compositions comprising at least twoethylenically unsaturated double-bonds, for example,methylenebisacrylamide or -methacrylamide or ethylenebisacrylamide;additionally, esters of unsaturated mono- or polycarboxylic acids ofpolyols, such as, diacrylates or triacrylates, e.g., butanediol- orethylene glycol diacrylate or -methacrylate; trimethylolpropanetriacrylate, as well as their alkoxylated derivatives; additionally,allyl compounds, such as allyl (meth)acrylate, triallyl cyanurate,maleic acid diallyl ester, polyallyl ester, tetraallyloxyethane, di- andtriallylamine, tetrallylethylenediamine, allyl esters of phosphoric acidor phosphorous acid. One such example is SR-454 an ethoxylated (3)trimethylolpropance triacrylate commercially available from the SartomerCompany, Exton, Pa. Moreover, compounds having at least one functionalgroup reactive towards acid groups may also be used. Examples thereofinclude N-methylol compounds of amides, such as methacrylamide oracrylamide, and the ethers derived therefrom, as well as di- andpolyglycidyl compounds.

In some aspects, initiators can be used for initiation of thefree-radical polymerization. Suitable initiators include, but are notlimited to, azo or peroxo compounds, redox systems or ultravioletinitiators, sensitizers, and/or radiation.

After polymerization, the superabsorbent polymer is generally formedinto superabsorbent polymer particles, or particulate superabsorbentpolymer. While superabsorbent polymer particles may be used by way ofexample of the physical form of superabsorbent polymer composition, theinvention is not limited to this form and is applicable to other formssuch as fibers, foams, films, beads, rods, and the like. The particulatesuperabsorbent polymer of the present invention generally includesparticle sizes ranging from about 50 to about 1000 μm, or from about 150to about 850 μm. The present invention may include at least about 40 wt% of the particles having a particle size from about 300 μm to about 600μm, at least about 50 wt % of the particles having a particle size fromabout 300 μm to about 600 μm, or at least about 60 wt % of the particleshaving a particle size from about 300 μm to about 600 μm as measured byscreening through a U.S. standard 30 mesh screen and retained on a U.S.standard 50 mesh screen. In addition, the size distribution of thesuperabsorbent polymer particles of the present invention may includeless than about 30% by weight of particles having a size greater thanabout 600 μm, and less than about 30% by weight of particles having asize of less than about 300 μm as measured using for example a RO-TAP®Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B available from W. S. Tyler, Inc., MentorOhio.

In one embodiment, the particulate superabsorbent polymer may then besurface treated with additional chemicals and treatments as set forthherein. In particular, the surface of the particulate superabsorbentpolymer may be crosslinked, generally referred to as surfacecrosslinked, by the addition of a surface crosslinking agent andheat-treatment. In general, surface crosslinking is a process that isbelieved to increase the crosslink density of the polymer matrix in thevicinity of the particulate superabsorbent polymer surface with respectto the crosslinking density of the particle interior.

Desirable surface crosslinking agents may include chemicals with one ormore functional groups that are reactive toward pendant groups of thepolymer chains, typically the acid groups. Surface crosslinker agentsmay include compounds that comprise at least two functional groups whichcan react with functional groups of a polymer structure in acondensation reaction (condensation crosslinker), in an additionreaction or in a ring opening reaction. These compounds may includecondensation crosslinkers such as, for example, diethylene glycol,triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerine, polyglycerine,propylene glycol, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, polyoxypropylene,oxyethylene-oxypropylene block copolymers, sorbitan fatty acid esters,polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, trimethylolpropane,pentaerythritol, polyvinyl alcohol, sorbitol, 1,3-dioxolan-2-one(ethylene carbonate), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (propylene carbonate),4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one,4-ethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one, 4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one,1,3-dioxan-2-one, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one,4,6-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one as well as 1,3-dioxolan-2-one. The amountof the surface crosslinking agent may be present in an amount of fromabout 0.01% to about 5% by weight of the dry particulate superabsorbentpolymer composition weight, and such as from about 0.1% to about 3% byweight, and such as from about 0.1% to about 1% by weight, based on theweight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight.

After the particulate superabsorbent polymer have been brought intocontact with the surface crosslinker or with the fluid comprising thesurface crosslinker, the treated particulate superabsorbent polymer areheat treated which may include heating the coated particulatesuperabsorbent polymer to a temperature of from about 50 to about 300°C., or from about 75 to about 275° C., or from about 150 to about 250°C., so that the outer region of the polymer structures is more stronglycrosslinked compared to the inner region (i.e., surface crosslinking).The duration of the heat treatment is limited by the risk that thedesired property profile of the polymer structures will be destroyed asa result of the effect of heat.

In another embodiment, the fluid comprising the surface crosslinker, mayfurther include other ingredients, separately or together, includingmultivalent metal cations such as aluminum sulfate or aluminum lactate,and an insoluble, inorganic powder such as a silica including SIPERNAT®22S fumed silica available from Evonik, which ingredients will behereafter described in more detail.

In one particular aspect of surface crosslinking, the particulatesuperabsorbent polymer is coated or surface-treated with an alkylenecarbonate followed by heating to affect surface crosslinking, which canimprove the surface crosslinking density and the gel strengthcharacteristics of the superabsorbent polymer particle. Morespecifically, the surface crosslinking agent is coated onto thesuperabsorbent polymer particulate by mixing the particulatesuperabsorbent polymer with an aqueous alcoholic solution of thealkylene carbonate surface crosslinking agent. The amount of alcohol inthe aqueous alcoholic solution may be determined by the solubility ofthe alkylene carbonate and is kept as low as possible for variousreasons, for instance, for protection against explosions. Suitablealcohols are methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, butanol, or butyl glycol,as well as mixtures of these alcohols. In some aspects, the solventdesirably is water, which typically is used in an amount of about 0.3%by weight to about 5.0% by weight, based on the weight of the drysuperabsorbent polymer.

In other aspects, the alkylene carbonate surface crosslinking agent isdissolved in water without any alcohol. In still other aspects, thealkylene carbonate surface crosslinking agent may be applied from apowder mixture, for example, with an inorganic carrier material, such assilicone dioxide (SiO₂), or in a vapor state by sublimation of thealkylene carbonate.

To achieve the desired surface crosslinking properties, the alkylenecarbonate should be distributed evenly on the particulate superabsorbentpolymer. For this purpose, mixing is effected in suitable mixers knownin the art, such as fluidized bed mixers, paddle mixers, rotary drummixers, or twin-worm mixers. It is also possible to carry out thecoating of the particulate superabsorbent polymer during one of theprocess steps in the production of the particulate superabsorbentpolymer. In one particular aspect, a suitable process for this purposeis the inverse suspension polymerization process.

The heat treatment, which follows the coating treatment of theparticulate superabsorbent polymer, may be carried out as follows. Ingeneral, the heat treatment is at a temperature of from about 100° C. toabout 300° C. Lower temperatures are possible if highly reactive epoxidecrosslinking agents are used. However, if alkylene carbonates are used,then the thermal treatment is suitably at a temperature of from about150° C. to about 250° C. In this particular aspect, the treatmenttemperature depends on the dwell time and the kind of alkylenecarbonate. For example, at a temperature of about 150° C., the thermaltreatment is carried out for one hour or longer. In contrast, at atemperature of about 250° C., a few minutes (e.g., from about 0.5minutes to about 5 minutes) are sufficient to achieve the desiredsurface crosslinking properties. The thermal treatment may be carriedout in conventional dryers or ovens known in the art.

In addition to surface crosslinking, the particulate superabsorbentpolymer compositions may be further surface treated with other chemicalcompositions. In some aspects, the particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition of the present invention may be surface treated with from 0%to about 5 wt %, and from about 0.001% to about 5 wt %, or from about0.01% to about 0.5 wt % of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition weight of a polymeric coating, such as a thermoplasticcoating, or a cationic coating, or a combination of a thermoplasticcoating and a cationic coating. In some particular aspects, thepolymeric coating desirably is a polymer that may be in a solid,emulsion, suspension, colloidal, or solubilized state, or combinationsthereof. Polymeric coatings suitable for this invention may include, butare not limited to, a thermoplastic coating having a thermoplastic melttemperature wherein the polymeric coating is applied to the particlesurface coincident with or followed by a temperature of the treatedsuperabsorbent polymer particle at about the thermoplastic melttemperature.

Examples of thermoplastic polymers include polyolefin, polyethylene,polyester, polyamide, polyurethane, styrene polybutadiene, linear lowdensity polyethylene (LLDPE), ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA),ethylene alkyl methacrylate copolymer (EMA), polypropylene (PP),maleated polypropylene, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),polyester, polyamide, and blends of all families of polyolefins, such asblends of PP, EVA, EMA, EEA, EBA, HDPE, MDPE, LDPE, LLDPE, and/or VLDPE,may also be advantageously employed. The term polyolefin as used hereinis defined above. In particular aspects, maleated polypropylene is apreferred thermoplastic polymer for use in the present invention. Athermoplastic polymer may be functionalized to have additional benefitssuch as water solubility or dispersability.

Polymeric coatings of this invention may also include a cationicpolymer. A cationic polymer as used herein refers to a polymer ormixture of polymers comprising a functional group or groups having apotential of becoming positively charged ions upon ionization in anaqueous solution. Suitable functional groups for a cationic polymerinclude, but are not limited to, primary, secondary, or tertiary aminogroups, imino groups, imido groups, amido groups, and quaternaryammonium groups. Examples of synthetic cationic polymers include thesalts or partial salts of poly(vinyl amines), poly(allylamines),poly(ethylene imine), poly(amino propanol vinyl ethers),poly(acrylamidopropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride), poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride). Examples of natural-based cationic polymers includepartially deacetylated chitin, chitosan, and chitosan salts. Syntheticpolypeptides such as polyasparagins, polylysines, polyglutamines, andpolyarginines are also suitable cationic polymers.

The absorbent polymers according to the invention can include from 0 toabout 5 wt % of a penetration modifier that is added immediately before,during or immediately after the surface crosslinking. Examples ofpenetration modifiers include compounds which alter the penetrationdepth of surface-modifying agents into the superabsorbent polymerparticle, fiber, film, foam or bead by changing the viscosity, surfacetension, ionic character or adhesion of said agents or medium in whichthese agents are applied. Preferred penetration modifiers are,polyethylene glycols, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, monovalentmetal salts, surfactants and water soluble polymers.

The absorbent polymers according to the invention can include from 0 toabout 5 wt %, or from about 0.01 wt % to about 1 wt %, or from about0.01 wt % to about 0.5 wt % based on the dry particulate superabsorbentpolymer composition weight, of a multivalent metal salt, based on theweight of the mixture, on the surface of the polymer. The multivalentmetal salt is preferably water soluble. Examples of preferred metalcations include the cations of Al, Fe, Zr, Mg, Ce, and Zn. Preferably,the metal cation has a valence of at least +3, with Al being mostpreferred. Examples of preferred anions in the multivalent metal saltinclude halides, chlorohydrates, sulfates, nitrates, lactates, andacetates, with chlorides, sulfates, lactates, and acetates beingpreferred, sulfates and lactates being more preferred. Aluminum sulfateis the most preferred multivalent metal salt and is readily commerciallyavailable. The preferred form of aluminum sulfate is hydrated aluminumsulfate, preferably aluminum sulfate having from 12 to 14 waters ofhydration. Mixtures of multivalent metal salts may also be employed.

The polymer and multivalent metal salt suitably are mixed by dryblending, or preferably in solution, using means well known to thoseskilled in the art. Aqueous solutions are preferred. With dry blending,a binder may be employed in an amount which sufficient to ensure that asubstantially uniform mixture of the salt and the superabsorbent polymeris maintained. The binder may be water or a nonvolatile organic compoundhaving a boiling point of at least 150° C. Examples of binders includewater, polyols such as propylene glycol, glycerin and poly(ethyleneglycol).

The absorbent polymers according to the invention can comprise includefrom about 0.01 to about 5 wt % based on the dry particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition weight of water-insoluble, inorganicpowder. Examples of insoluble, inorganic powders include silicondioxide, silicic acid, silicates, titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide,magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, talc, calcium phosphate, clays,diatomataceous earth, zeolites, bentonite, kaolin, hydrotalcite,activated clays, etc. One example of water-insoluble, inorganic powderincludes SIPERNAT® 22S silica, which is available from EvonikIndustries. The insoluble inorganic powder additive may be a singlecompound or a mixture of compounds selected from the above list. Of allthese examples, amorphous silicon dioxide or aluminum oxide preferred.Further, a particle diameter of the inorganic powder may be 1,000 μm orsmaller, or 100 μm or smaller.

The superabsorbent polymer according to the invention may also includethe addition of from 0 to about 5 wt % based on the dry particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition weight of a surfactant to the polymerparticle surface. The water-insoluble, inorganic powder may be addedimmediately prior to, during or immediately after the surfacecrosslinking step.

In some aspects, the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositionsaccording to the invention may include from 0 wt % to about 5 wt %, orfrom about 0.01 wt % to about 3 wt % of the dry particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition of silica. Examples of silica includefumed silica, precipitated silica, silicon dioxide, silicic acid, andsilicates. In some particular aspects, microscopic noncrystallinesilicon dioxide is desirable. In some aspects, the particle diameter ofthe inorganic powder can be 1,000 μm or smaller, such as 100 μm orsmaller.

In some aspects, the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions mayalso include from 0% to about 30 wt % of the dry superabsorbent polymercomposition, such as from about 0.1% to about 5 wt %, of water-solublepolymers based by weight of the dry particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition weight, such as partly or completely hydrolyzed polyvinylacetate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, starch or starch derivatives,polyglycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides, or polyacrylicacids. In some particular aspects, the water-soluble polymers aredesirably in polymerized-in form.

In some aspects, additional surface additives may optionally be employedwith the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions, includingodor-binding substances, such as cyclodextrins, zeolites, inorganic ororganic salts, and similar materials; anti-caking additives, flowmodification agents, surfactants, viscosity modifiers, and the like. Inaddition, surface additives may be employed that perform several rolesduring surface modifications. For example, a single additive may be asurfactant, viscosity modifier, and may react to crosslink polymerchains.

In some aspects, the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositions ofthe present invention may be, after a heat treatment step, treated withwater so that the superabsorbent polymer composition has a water contentof up to about 10 wt %, or from 0.1 to about 6 wt % of the dryparticulate superabsorbent polymer composition weight. This water may beadded, with one or more of the surface additives from above, to thesuperabsorbent polymer.

The superabsorbent polymer according to the invention may be desirablyprepared by two methods. The composition can be prepared continuously ordiscontinuously in a large-scale industrial manner, theafter-crosslinking according to the invention being carried outaccordingly.

According to one method, the partially neutralized monomer, such asacrylic acid, is converted into a gel by free-radical polymerization inaqueous solution in the presence of crosslinking agents and any furthercomponents, and the gel is comminuted, dried, ground, and sieved off tothe desired particle size. This polymerization can be carried outcontinuously or discontinuously. For the present invention, the size ofthe high-capacity superabsorbent polymer composition particles isdependent on manufacturing processes including milling and sieving. Itis well known to those skilled in the art that particle sizedistribution of the superabsorbent polymer particles resembles a normaldistribution or a bell shaped curve. It is also known that for variousreasons, the normal distribution of the particle size distribution maybe skewed in either direction.

According to another method, inverse suspension and emulsionpolymerization can also be used for preparation of the productsaccording to the invention. According to these processes, an aqueous,partly neutralized solution of monomer, such as acrylic acid, isdispersed in a hydrophobic, organic solvent with the aid of protectivecolloids and/or emulsifiers, and the polymerization is started by freeradical initiators. The internal crosslinking agents may be eitherdissolved in the monomer solution and are metered in together with this,or are added separately and optionally during the polymerization. Theaddition of a water-soluble polymer as the graft base optionally takesplace via the monomer solution or by direct introduction into the oilyphase. The water is then removed azeotropically from the mixture, andthe polymer is filtered off and optionally dried. Internal crosslinkingcan be carried out by polymerizing-in a polyfunctional crosslinkingagent dissolved in the monomer solution and/or by reaction of suitablecrosslinking agents with functional groups of the polymer during thepolymerization steps.

The result of these methods is a superabsorbent polymer or asuperabsorbent polymer preproduct. A superabsorbent polymer preproductas used herein is produced by repeating all of the steps for making thesuperabsorbent, up to and including drying the material, and coarsegrinding in a crusher, and removing particles greater than about 850 μmand smaller than about 150 μm.

The particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of the presentinvention exhibits certain characteristics, or properties, as measuredby Centrifuge Retention Capacity(CRC), Absorbency Under Load at about0.9 psi (AUL(0.9 psi)), and Gel Bed Permeability(GBP).

The resultant CRC of the particulate superabsorbent polymer compositionis stated as grams of liquid retained per gram weight of the sample(g/g) and may be from about 20 g/g to 40 g/g, from about 22 g/g to about35 g/g, or from about 24 g/g to about 30 g/g or from about 25 g/g toabout 30 g/g as determined by the Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test setforth herein.

The Absorbency Under Load at about 0.9 psi (AUL(0.9 psi)) of theparticulate superabsorbent polymer composition may range from about 12g/g to about 30 g/g, or from about 16 g/g to about 25 g/g as determinedby the Absorbency Under Load(0.9 psi) Test set forth herein.

The Gel Bed Permeability(GBP) of the particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition may be at least about 5 Darcy, or from about 5 Darcy toabout 300 Darcy, or from about 20 Darcy to about 200 Darcy, or fromabout 20 Darcy to about 150 Darcy, or from about 50 Darcy to about 150Darcy as determined by the Free-Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test setforth herein.

The residual glycidyl in the particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition may be less than 500 ppm, or less than 100 ppm, or less thanabout 5 ppm or less based on the mass of the internal crosslinkercomposition as determined by the Glycidyl Compound in Amine-GlycidylCompound Reaction Products Test set forth herein.

The Absorption at Pressure at 0.7 psi (AAP(0.7 psi)) may range fromabout 15 g/g to about 40 g/g as determined by the Absorbency At Pressureat 0.7 psi Test as set forth herein.

The permeability as measured by the Saline Flow Conductivity (SFC) testmay range from about 20×10⁻⁷ cm sec/g to about 200×10⁻⁷ cm sec/g asdetermined by the Saline Flow Conductivity (SFC) Test as set forthherein.

The superabsorbent polymer compositions according to the presentinvention can be employed in many absorbent articles including sanitarytowels, diapers, or wound coverings, and they have the property thatthey rapidly absorb large amounts of menstrual blood, urine, or otherbody fluids. Since the agents according to the invention retain theabsorbed liquids even under pressure and are also capable ofdistributing further liquid within the construction in the swollenstate, they are more desirably employed in higher concentrations, withrespect to the hydrophilic fiber material, such as fluff, when comparedto conventional current superabsorbent compositions. They are alsosuitable for use as a homogeneous superabsorber layer without fluffcontent within the diaper construction, as a result of whichparticularly thin articles are possible. The polymers are furthermoresuitable for use in hygiene articles (incontinence products) for adults.

Absorbent articles, like diapers, may include (a) a liquid pervioustopsheet; (b) a liquid impervious backsheet; (c) a core positionedbetween (a) and (b) and comprising about 10% to 100%, and preferablyabout 50% to about 100%, by weight of the particulate superabsorbentpolymer composition, and 0% to 90% by weight of hydrophilic fibermaterial; (d) optionally a tissue layer positioned directly above andbelow said core (c); and (e) optionally an acquisition layer positionedbetween (a) and (c).

Test Procedures

Centrifuge Retention Capacity Test (CRC).

The CRC Test measures the ability of the superabsorbent polymer toretain liquid therein after being saturated and subjected tocentrifugation under controlled conditions. The resultant retentioncapacity is stated as grams of liquid retained per gram weight of thesample, (g/g).

The CRC may be determined in accordance with ERT 441.2-02, which isincorporated by reference, “ERT” representing “EDANA recommended Test”and “EDANA” representing European Disposables and Nonwovens Associationor as follows.

The CRC is measured by placing about 0.16 grams of the pre-screenedsuperabsorbent polymer sample into a water-permeable bag that willcontain the sample while allowing a test solution (0.9 weight percentsodium chloride in distilled water) to be freely absorbed by the sample.A heat-sealable tea bag material, such as that available from DexterCorporation (having a place of business in Windsor Locks, Conn., U.S.A.)as model designation 1234T heat sealable filter paper works well formost applications. The bag is formed by folding a 5-inch by 3-inchsample of the bag material in half and heat-sealing two of the openedges to form a 2.5-inch by 3-inch rectangular pouch. The heat seals areabout 0.25 inches inside the edge of the material. After the sample isplaced in the pouch, the remaining open edge of the pouch is alsoheat-sealed. Empty bags are also made to serve as controls. Threesamples are prepared for each superabsorbent polymer composition to betested.

The sealed bags are submerged in a pan containing the test solution atan assigned testing temperature, making sure that the bags are held downuntil they are completely wetted. After wetting, the samples remain inthe solution for an assigned period of testing time, at which time theyare removed from the solution and temporarily laid on a non-absorbentflat surface.

The wet bags are then placed into the basket wherein the wet bags areseparated from each other and are placed at the outer circumferentialedge of the basket, wherein the basket is of a suitable centrifugecapable of subjecting the samples to a g-force of about 350. Onesuitable centrifuge is a CLAY ADAMS DYNAC II, model #0103, having awater collection basket, a digital rpm gauge, and a machined drainagebasket adapted to hold and drain the flat bag samples. Where multiplesamples are centrifuged, the samples are placed in opposing positionswithin the centrifuge to balance the basket when spinning. The bags(including the wet, empty bags) are centrifuged at about 1,600 rpm(e.g., to achieve a target g-force of about 350 g force with a variancefrom about 240 to about 360 g force), for 3 minutes. G force is definedas an unit of inertial force on a body that is subjected to rapidacceleration or gravity, equal to 32 ft/sec² at sea level. The bags areremoved and weighed, with the empty bags (controls) being weighed first,followed by the bags containing the superabsorbent polymer compositionsamples. The amount of solution retained by the superabsorbent polymersample, taking into account the solution retained by the bag itself, isthe centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) of the superabsorbent polymer,expressed as grams of fluid per gram of superabsorbent polymer. Moreparticularly, the retention capacity is determined by the followingequation:

CRC=[sample bag after centrifuge−empty bag after centrifuge−dry sampleweight]/dry sample weight

The three samples are tested, and the results are averaged to determinethe CRC of the superabsorbent polymer composition.

Glycidyl Compound in Amine-Glycidyl Compound Reaction Products Test

This method is applied to amine-glycidyl compound reaction products forthe analysis of free allyl glycidyl compound above 20 ppm. An example ofa glycidyl compound is allylglycidyl ether (AGE), which will be usedherein. Gas chromatographic separation (GLC) was used. The AGE contentis determined by GLC using a flame ionization detector (FID). The AGE isquantified against ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (EHGE) as an internalstandard.

40 mg of EHGE is dissolved 100 ml of methylene chloride to form a EHGEsolution. 100 mg of AGE was measured into an autosampler vial. 1 ml ofEHGE solution was added to the sample. 10 of the sample was injectedinto the GLC.Calibration—25 mg of AGE is dissolved in 20 ml of methylene chloride.10, 50, and 100 μl of the AGE stock was transferred into the samplervial. 1 ml of the internal standard solution to each sample. Inject 1 μlof the sample into the GLC.GLC analysis is carried out with a GLC equipped with a split/splitlessinjector, capillary column and a flame ionization. Conditions include

-   -   Injector—290° C. split 30 ml    -   Injection volume 1 μl    -   Column—50 m 0.32 mm HP5 dF 1.0 μm    -   Carrier gas—helium, constant flow 2 ml/min    -   Temperature program—80° C.-200° C. with 8° C./min; then 200°        C.-300° C. with 30° C./min(conditioning)    -   Detector—FID at 310° C.    -   Hydrogen 40 ml/min    -   Air 400 ml/min    -   Make up gas—12 ml/min.        The retention lines of AGE and EHGE is verified by analysis of        the pure AGE and EHGE. From the peak areas, an internal standard        calibration function of the amount of AGE vs. the amount of EHGE        is established with

{A _(AGE(C)) /A _(EHGE(C)) }=a ₁ *{C _(AGE(C)) A _(EHGE(C))}+0

-   -   wherein    -   A_(AGE(C)) is the area in the calibration sample;    -   A_(EHGE(C)) is the area in the calibration sample;    -   C_(AGE(C)) is the concentration of AGE in the calibration sample        in μg.;    -   C_(EHGE(C)) is the concentration of EHGE in the calibration        sample in μg; and    -   a₁ is the slope of the function.        Using this calculation function, the content of ACE in the        samples is calculated as mg/kg samples (ppm).

Free-Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test (FSGBP)

As used herein, the Free-Swell Gel Bed Permeability Test, also referredto as the Gel Bed Permeability (GBP) Under 0 psi Swell Pressure Test,determines the permeability of a swollen bed of gel particles (e.g.,such as the surface treated absorbent material or the superabsorbentmaterial prior to being surface treated), under what is commonlyreferred to as “free swell” conditions. The term “free swell” means thatthe gel particles are allowed to swell without a restraining load uponabsorbing test solution as will be described. A suitable apparatus forconducting the Gel Bed Permeability Test is shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3and indicated generally as 500. The test apparatus assembly 528comprises a sample container, generally indicated at 530, and a plunger,generally indicated at 536. The plunger comprises a shaft 538 having acylinder hole bored down the longitudinal axis and a head 550 positionedat the bottom of the shaft. The shaft hole 562 has a diameter of about16 mm. The plunger head is attached to the shaft, such as by adhesion.Twelve holes 544 are bored into the radial axis of the shaft, threepositioned at every 90 degrees having diameters of about 6.4 mm. Theshaft 538 is machined from a LEXAN rod or equivalent material and has anouter diameter of about 2.2 cm and an inner diameter of about 16 mm.

The plunger head 550 has a concentric inner ring of seven holes 560 andan outer ring of 14 holes 554, all holes having a diameter of about 8.8millimeters as well as a hole of about 16 mm aligned with the shaft. Theplunger head 550 is machined from a LEXAN rod or equivalent material andhas a height of approximately 16 mm and a diameter sized such that itfits within the cylinder 534 with minimum wall clearance but stillslides freely. The total length of the plunger head 550 and shaft 538 isabout 8.25 cm, but can be machined at the top of the shaft to obtain thedesired mass of the plunger 536. The plunger 536 comprises a 100 meshstainless steel cloth screen 564 that is biaxially stretched to tautnessand attached to the lower end of the plunger 536. The screen is attachedto the plunger head 550 using an appropriate solvent that causes thescreen to be securely adhered to the plunger head 550. Care must betaken to avoid excess solvent migrating into the open portions of thescreen and reducing the open area for liquid flow. Acrylic solventWeld-on 4 from IPS Corporation (having a place of business in Gardena,Calif., USA) is a suitable solvent.

The sample container 530 comprises a cylinder 534 and a 400 meshstainless steel cloth screen 566 that is biaxially stretched to tautnessand attached to the lower end of the cylinder 534. The screen isattached to the cylinder using an appropriate solvent that causes thescreen to be securely adhered to the cylinder. Care must be taken toavoid excess solvent migrating into the open portions of the screen andreducing the open area for liquid flow. Acrylic solvent Weld-on 4 fromIPS Corporation (having a place of business in Gardena, Calif., USA) isa suitable solvent. A gel particle sample, indicated as 568 in FIG. 2,is supported on the screen 566 within the cylinder 534 during testing.

The cylinder 534 may be bored from a transparent LEXAN rod or equivalentmaterial, or it may be cut from a LEXAN tubing or equivalent material,and has an inner diameter of about 6 cm (e.g., a cross-sectional area ofabout 28.27 cm²), a wall thickness of about 0.5 cm and a height ofapproximately 7.95 cm. A step is machined into the outer diameter of thecylinder 534 such that a region 534 a with an outer diameter of 66 mmexists for the bottom 31 mm of the cylinder 534. An o-ring 540 whichfits the diameter of region 534 a may be placed at the top of the step.

The annular weight 548 has a counter-bored hole about 2.2 cm in diameterand 1.3 cm deep so that it slips freely onto the shaft 538. The annularweight also has a thru-bore 548 a of about 16 mm. The annular weight 548can be made from stainless steel or from other suitable materialsresistant to corrosion in the presence of the test solution, which is0.9 weight percent sodium chloride solution in distilled water. Thecombined weight of the plunger 536 and annular weight 548 equalsapproximately 596 grams (g), which corresponds to a pressure applied tothe sample 568 of about 0.3 pounds per square inch (psi), or about 20.7dynes/cm² (2.07 kPa), over a sample area of about 28.27 cm².

When the test solution flows through the test apparatus during testingas described below, the sample container 530 generally rests on a weir600. The purpose of the weir is to divert liquid that overflows the topof the sample container 530 and diverts the overflow liquid to aseparate collection device 601. The weir can be positioned above a scale602 with a beaker 603 resting on it to collect saline solution passingthrough the swollen sample 568.

To conduct the Gel Bed Permeability Test under “free swell” conditions,the plunger 536, with the weight 548 seated thereon, is placed in anempty sample container 530 and the height from the top of the weight 548to the bottom of the sample container 530 is measured using a suitablegauge accurate to 0.01 mm. The force the thickness gauge applies duringmeasurement should be as low as possible, preferably less than about0.74 Newtons. It is important to measure the height of each empty samplecontainer 530, plunger 536, and weight 548 combination and to keep trackof which plunger 536 and weight 548 is used when using multiple testapparatus. The same plunger 536 and weight 548 should be used formeasurement when the sample 568 is later swollen following saturation.It is also desirable that the base that the sample cup 530 is resting onis level, and the top surface of the weight 548 is parallel to thebottom surface of the sample cup 530.

The sample to be tested is prepared from superabsorbent polymercomposition particles which are prescreened through a U.S. standard 30mesh screen and retained on a U.S. standard 50 mesh screen. As a result,the test sample comprises particles sized in the range of about 300 toabout 600 microns. The superabsorbent polymer particles can bepre-screened with, for example, a RO-TAP Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model Bavailable from W. S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor Ohio. Sieving is conducted for10 minutes. Approximately 2.0 grams of the sample is placed in thesample container 530 and spread out evenly on the bottom of the samplecontainer. The container, with 2.0 grams of sample in it, without theplunger 536 and weight 548 therein, is then submerged in the 0.9% salinesolution for a time period of about 60 minutes to saturate the sampleand allow the sample to swell free of any restraining load. Duringsaturation, the sample cup 530 is set on a mesh located in the liquidreservoir so that the sample cup 530 is raised slightly above the bottomof the liquid reservoir. The mesh does not inhibit the flow of salinesolution into the sample cup 530. A suitable mesh can be obtained aspart number 7308 from Eagle Supply and Plastic, having a place ofbusiness in Appleton, Wisconsin, U.S.A. Saline does not fully cover thesuperabsorbent polymer composition particles, as would be evidenced by aperfectly flat saline surface in the test cell. Also, saline depth isnot allowed to fall so low that the surface within the cell is definedsolely by swollen superabsorbent, rather than saline.

At the end of this period, the plunger 536 and weight 548 assembly isplaced on the saturated sample 568 in the sample container 530 and thenthe sample container 530, plunger 536, weight 548, and sample 568 areremoved from the solution. After removal and before being measured, thesample container 530, plunger 536, weight 548, and sample 568 are toremain at rest for about 30 seconds on a suitable flat, large gridnon-deformable plate of uniform thickness. The thickness of thesaturated sample 568 is determined by again measuring the height fromthe top of the weight 548 to the bottom of the sample container 530,using the same thickness gauge used previously provided that the zeropoint is unchanged from the initial height measurement. The samplecontainer 530, plunger 536, weight 548, and sample 568 may be placed ona flat, large grid non-deformable plate of uniform thickness that willprovide for drainage. The plate has an overall dimension of 7.6 cm by7.6 cm, and each grid has a cell size dimension of 1.59 cm long by 1.59cm wide by 1.12 cm deep. A suitable flat, large grid non-deformableplate material is a parabolic diffuser panel, catalogue number 1624K27,available from McMaster Carr Supply Company, having a place of businessin Chicago, Ill., U.S.A., which can then be cut to the properdimensions. This flat, large mesh non-deformable plate must also bepresent when measuring the height of the initial empty assembly. Theheight measurement should be made as soon as practicable after thethickness gauge is engaged. The height measurement obtained frommeasuring the empty sample container 530, plunger 536, and weight 548 issubtracted from the height measurement obtained after saturating thesample 568. The resulting value is the thickness, or height “H” of theswollen sample.

The permeability measurement is initiated by delivering a flow of the0.9% saline solution into the sample container 530 with the saturatedsample 568, plunger 536, and weight 548 inside. The flow rate of testsolution into the container is adjusted to cause saline solution tooverflow the top of the cylinder 534 thereby resulting in a consistenthead pressure equal to the height of the sample container 530. The testsolution may be added by any suitable means that is sufficient to ensurea small, but consistent amount of overflow from the top of the cylinder,such as with a metering pump 604. The overflow liquid is diverted into aseparate collection device 601. The quantity of solution passing throughthe sample 568 versus time is measured gravimetrically using the scale602 and beaker 603. Data points from the scale 602 are collected everysecond for at least sixty seconds once the overflow has begun. Datacollection may be taken manually or with data collection software. Theflow rate, Q, through the swollen sample 568 is determined in units ofgrams/second (g/s) by a linear least-square fit of fluid passing throughthe sample 568 (in grams) versus time (in seconds).

Permeability in cm² is obtained by the following equation:

K=[Q*H*μ]/[A*ρ*P]

where K=Permeability (cm²), Q=flow rate (g/sec), H=height of swollensample (cm), μ=liquid viscosity (poise) (approximately one centipoisefor the test solution used with this Test), A=cross-sectional area forliquid flow (28.27 cm² for the sample container used with this Test),ρ=liquid density (g/cm³) (approximately one g/cm³, for the test solutionused with this Test) and P=hydrostatic pressure (dynes/cm²) (normallyapproximately 7,797 dynes/cm²). The hydrostatic pressure is calculatedfrom P=ρ*g*h, where ρ=liquid density (g/cm³), g=gravitationalacceleration, nominally 981 cm/sec², and h=fluid height, e.g., 7.95 cmfor the Gel Bed Permeability Test described herein.

A minimum of two samples is tested and the results are averaged todetermine the gel bed permeability of the sample.

Absorbency Under Load Test (AUL(0.9 psi))

The Absorbency Under Load (AUL) Test measures the ability of thesuperabsorbent polymer composition particles to absorb a 0.9 weightpercent solution of sodium chloride in distilled water at roomtemperature (test solution) while the material is under a 0.9 psi load.The apparatus for testing AUL consists of:

-   -   An AUL assembly including a cylinder, a 4.4 g piston, and a        standard 317 gm weight. The components of this assembly are        described in additional detail below.    -   A flat-bottomed square plastic tray that is sufficiently broad        to allow the glass frits to lay on the bottom without contact        with the tray walls. A plastic tray that is 9″ by 9″(22.9        cm×22.9 cm), with a depth of 0.5 to 1″(1.3 cm to 2.5 cm) is        commonly used for this test method.    -   A 9 cm diameter sintered glass frit with a ‘C’ porosity (25-50        microns). This frit is prepared in advance through equilibration        in saline (0.9% sodium chloride in distilled water, by weight).        In addition to being washed with at least two portions of fresh        saline, the frit must be immersed in saline for at least 12        hours prior to AUL measurements.    -   Whatman Grade 1, 9 cm diameter filter paper circles.    -   A supply of saline (0.9% sodium chloride in distilled water, by        weight).

Referring to FIG. 4, the cylinder 412 of the AUL assembly 400 used tocontain the superabsorbent polymer composition particles 410 is madefrom one-inch (2.54 cm) inside diameter thermoplastic tubingmachined-out slightly to be sure of concentricity. After machining, a400 mesh stainless steel wire cloth 414 is attached to the bottom of thecylinder 412 by heating the steel wire cloth 414 in a flame until redhot, after which the cylinder 412 is held onto the steel wire clothuntil cooled. A soldering iron can be utilized to touch up the seal ifunsuccessful or if it breaks. Care must be taken to maintain a flatsmooth bottom and not distort the inside of the cylinder 412.

The 4.4 g piston (416) is made from one-inch diameter solid material(e.g., PLEXIGLAS®) and is machined to closely fit without binding in thecylinder 412.

A standard 317 gm weight 418 is used to provide a 62,053 dyne/cm² (about0.9 psi) restraining load. The weight is a cylindrical, 1 inch(2.5 cm)diameter, stainless steel weight that is machined to closely fit withoutbinding in the cylinder.

Unless specified otherwise, a sample 410 corresponding to a layer of atleast about 300 gsm. (0.16 g) of superabsorbent polymer compositionparticles is utilized for testing the AUL. The sample 410 is taken fromsuperabsorbent polymer composition particles that are pre-screenedthrough U.S. standard #30 mesh and retained on U.S. std. #50 mesh. Thesuperabsorbent polymer composition particles can be pre-screened with,for example, a RO-TAP® Mechanical Sieve Shaker Model B available from W.S. Tyler, Inc., Mentor Ohio. Sieving is conducted for about 10 minutes.

The inside of the cylinder 412 is wiped with an antistatic cloth priorto placing the superabsorbent polymer composition particles 410 into thecylinder 412.

The desired amount of the sample of sieved superabsorbent polymercomposition particles 410 (about 0.16 g) is weighed out on a weigh paperand evenly distributed on the wire cloth 414 at the bottom of thecylinder 412. The weight of the superabsorbent polymer compositionparticles in the bottom of the cylinder is recorded as ‘SA,’ for use inthe AUL calculation described below. Care is taken to be sure nosuperabsorbent polymer particles cling to the wall of the cylinder.After carefully placing the 4.4 g piston 412 and 317 g weight 418 on thesuperabsorbent polymer composition particles 410 in the cylinder 412,the AUL assembly 400 including the cylinder, piston, weight, andsuperabsorbent polymer composition particles is weighed, and the weightis recorded as weight ‘A’.

A sintered glass frit 424 (described above) is placed in the plastictray 420, with saline 422 added to a level equal to that of the uppersurface of the glass frit 424. A single circle of filter paper 426 isplaced gently on the glass frit 424, and the AUL assembly 400 with thesuperabsorbent polymer composition particles 410 is then placed on topof the filter paper 426. The AUL assembly 400 is then allowed to remainon top of the filter paper 426 for a test period of one hour, withattention paid to keeping the saline level in the tray constant. At theend of the one hour test period, the AUL apparatus is then weighed, withthis value recorded as weight ‘B.’

The AUL(0.9 psi) is calculated as follows:

AUL(0.9 psi)=(B−A)/SA

-   -   wherein    -   A=Weight of AUL Unit with dry SAP    -   B=Weight of AUL Unit with SAP after 60 minutes absorption    -   SA=Actual SAP weight

A minimum of two tests is performed and the results are averaged todetermine the AUL value under 0.9 psi load. The samples are tested atabout 23° C. and about 50% relative humidity.

Absorption at Pressure at 0.7 psi (AAP(0.7 psi)

The absorption at pressure (pressure load 50 g/cm.sup.2) is determinedby a method described in EP 0 339 461, p. 7 wherein the absorption atpressure as set forth in EP 0 339 461 on page 7 is incorporated byreference into the present application. Approximately 0.9 gsuperabsorber is weighed into a cylinder with a sieve plate. Theuniformly scattered superabsorber layer is placed under load in the formof a plunger exerting a pressure of 0.7 psi or 50 g/cm². The pre-weighedcylinder is then placed on a glass filter disk standing in a bowlcontaining 0.9% NaCl solution, the liquid level of which correspondsprecisely to the height of the filter disk. After the cylinder unit hasbeen left to soak up 0.9% NaCl solution for 1 hour, this is re-weighed,and the AAP is calculated as follows: AAP=amount weighed out (cylinderunit+superabsorber)-amount weighed in (cylinder unit+superabsorbersoaked to capacity)/amount of superabsorber weighed in.

Saline Flow Conductivity (SFC) Test

Permeability to a 0.9% Common Salt Solution in the Swollen State (SFC)

Permeability in the swollen state (SFC test, according to WO 95/22356wherein the SFC test as set forth in WO 95/22356 is incorporated byreference into the present application). Approximately 0.9 gsuperabsorber material is weighed into a cylinder having a sieve plateand is distributed carefully on the surface of the sieve. Thesuperabsorber material is allowed to swell for 1 hour against anopposing pressure of 20 g/cm² in JAYCO synthetic urine [composition: 2.0g potassium chloride; 2.0 g sodium sulfate; 0.85 g ammonium dihydrogenphosphate; 0.15 g ammonium hydrogen phosphate; 0.19 g calcium chloride;0.23 g magnesium chloride as anhydrous salts dissolved in 1 literdistilled water]. After determining the swollen height of thesuperabsorber, 0.118 M NaCl solution are run through the swollen gellayer from a leveled supply vessel at constant hydrostatic pressure. Theswollen gel layer is covered during measurement with a special sievecylinder which guarantees a uniform distribution of the 0.118 M NaClsolution above the gel and constant conditions (measuring temperature20-25° C.) during measurement in relation to the gel bed state. Thepressure acting on the swollen superabsorber continues at 20 g/cm². Withthe aid of a computer and scales the quantity of liquid which passesthrough the gel layer as a function of time is determined at 20-secondintervals within a period of 10 minutes. Using regression analysis, theflow rate, g/s, through the swollen gel layer at t=0 is determined atthe mid-point of the flow quantity between minutes 2 and 10 byextrapolation of the gradient.

The SFC value (K) is calculated as follows:

K=F _(s)(t=0)·L _(o)/(r·A·ΔP)=F _(s)(t=0)·L _(o)/(139506)

-   -   wherein:    -   F_(s)(t=0) flow rate in g/s    -   L₀ is the thickness of the gel layer, in cm    -   r is the density of the NaCl solution (1.003 g/cm³)    -   A is the area of the upper surface of the gel layer in the        measuring cylinder (28.27 cm²)    -   ΔP is the hydrostatic pressure bearing on the gel layer (4920        dyne/cm²) and    -   K is the SFC value [10⁻⁷*cm³*s*g⁻¹].

EXAMPLES

The following Internal Crosslinkers 1-3, Comparative InternalCrosslinkers C₁-C₄, Particulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition, andExamples 1-60 are provided to illustrate the inventions of productsincluding crosslinker compositions, superabsorbent polymer, particulatesuperabsorbent polymer, and particulate superabsorbent polymercompositions, and processes to make these products as set forth in theclaims, and do not limit the scope of the claims. Unless otherwisestated all parts, and percentages are based on the dry particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition. The term Comparative InternalCrosslinker is meant to depict crosslinkers that are not part of thepresent invention.

The term Internal Crosslinker as used in the examples will refer to oneof the following which are crosslinker compositions of the presentinvention:

Internal Crosslinker 1: Ethylenediamine-AGE Adduct

A 1 L reaction vessel equipped with an agitator, heating and coolingfacilities and a vacuum system is purged with nitrogen. Ethylenediamine(60.1 g) and water (10.0 g) are charged into the reactor and heated to80° C. Allylglycidyl ether (423.0 g) is added within 75 min at 80° C.under agitation and cooling. After 4 hours of post reaction the mixtureis heated to 110° C. Water is distilled off under vacuum (20 mbar), andthe final product is cooled to room temperature. The clear and slightlyyellow product is an adduct of ethylenediamine with 3.7 molallylglycidyl ether is a crosslinker composition of the presentinvention. The product contains 5.74 weight-% of nitrogen and less than30 ppm of allylglycidyl ether.

Internal Crosslinker 2: Ethylenediamine-AGE-PO Adduct

A 1 L reaction autoclave equipped with an agitator, heating and coolingfacilities and a vacuum system is purged with nitrogen. Ethylenediamine(60.1 g) and water (10.0 g) are charged into the reactor and heated to80° C. Allylglycidyl ether (423.0 g) is added within 75 min at 80° C.under agitation and cooling. After 4 hours of post reaction propyleneoxide (27.4 g) is charged into the vessel within 2 min. The mixture isagitated at 80° C. for 75 min, then heated to 110° C. Water andunreacted propylene oxide are distilled off under vacuum (20 mbar), andthe final product is cooled to room temperature. The clear and slightlyyellow product is an adduct of ethylenediamine with 3.7 molallylglycidyl ether and 0.3 mol propylene oxide is a crosslinkercomposition of the present invention. The product contains 5.60 weight-%of nitrogen and less than 30 ppm of allylglycidyl ether.

Comparative Internal Crosslinker 1: Ethylenediamine-AGE Adduct

The procedure described in example 1 is repeated. Ethylenediamine (60.1g) and water (10.0 g) are reacted with allylglycidyl ether (456.2 g) at80° C. The clear and slightly yellow product is an adduct ofethylenediamine with 4.0 mol allylglycidyl ether. The product contains2400 ppm allylglycidyl ether.

Internal Crosslinker 3 (Ethylenediamine-AGE-PO Adduct

A 1 L reaction autoclave equipped with an agitator, heating and coolingfacilities and a vacuum system is purged with nitrogen.Allylglycidylether (243 g) and water (5.7 g) are charged into a 1 Lautoclave. The mixture is heated to 80° C. under inert conditions.Ethylenediamine (34.5 g) are added at 80° C. and at standard pressurewithin 30 min using a dropping funnel. Cooling is applied to keep thereaction temperature at 80° C. After 4 hours of post reaction andagitation the reaction mixture is cooled to less than 50° C. and removedfrom the reactor.

The reactor is cleaned by purging and boiling with acetone. Finallyresidual acetone is removed by heating under vacuum. The reactionmixture is transferred back into the reactor from which all remainingAGE had been removed. The autoclave is again purged with nitrogen andthe reaction mixture heated to 80° C. PO (17 g) is quickly charged at80° C. within 1 min. After a post reaction of 75 min at 80° C. unreactedPO and water are distilled off at 115° C. under vacuum. Finally theproduct is cooled to 50° C. and removed from the vessel. The clear andslightly yellow product is an adduct of ethylenediamine with 3.7 molallylglycidyl ether and 0.3 mol propylene oxide. The product contains 73ppm allylglycidyl ether.

Particulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition

A superabsorbent polymer according to the present invention is made inthe following way. A monomer solution consisting of 640 g of acrylicacid, of which 75 mol % have been neutralized with sodium hydroxidesolution (532.82 g of 50% NaOH), 801.32 g of water, 1.92 g of anInternal Crosslinker as set forth in Tables 2-6 for Examples 1-100, isfreed of dissolved oxygen by flushing with nitrogen and cooled to thestarting temperature of 4° C. After the starting temperature has beenreached, the initiator solution (0.6 g of sodium peroxydisulfate in 10 gof H₂O, 0.014 g of 35% hydrogen peroxide solution in 10 g of H₂O and0.03 g of ascorbic acid in 2 g of H₂O) was added. Once the finaltemperature of about 100° C. had been reached, the resulting gel wascomminuted using a mincer and dried at 150° C. for 2 hours in a dryingcabinet.

A particulate superabsorbent polymer composition of the presentinvention is prepared when the dried polymerizate was coarsely pounded,ground using a cutting mill SM 100 having 2 mm Conidur holes andscreened to a powder having a particle size of from 150 to 850 μm, thusyielding powder A (particle sizes: on 150 μm mesh size 13%, on 300 μmmesh size 15%, on 400 μm mesh size 13%, on 500 μm mesh size 15%, on 600μm mesh size 20%, on 710 to 850 μm mesh size 24%). The particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition has CRC of about 33 g/g. Theparticulate superabsorbent polymer composition was surface treated asset forth in Examples 1-80 resulting in the particulate superabsorbentpolymer composition of the present invention.

Examples 1-80

The following examples shown in Tables 2-5 represent embodiments of theparticulate superabsorbent polymer composition of the present inventionwherein the Internal Crosslinkers set forth above are used in theParticulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition wherein the particulatesuperabsorbent polymer has been further treated with surfacecrosslinking and optionally surface treatment as shown in the tablesbelow and described herein to make the particulate superabsorbentpolymer composition. All of the examples are surface crosslinked with asolution comprising 1 wt % ethylene carbonate and 3 wt % water alongwith other ingredients as shown in the tables and heat treated asdepicted in the summary before each table.

The following nomenclature is used in the following tables: SX meanssurface crosslink; Pre-treatment before SX means application of elementsonto the particle surface; Post-treatment after SX means surfacetreatment of the surface crosslinked superabsorbent polymer particles;and EC means ethylene carbonate. The units of the Properties are CRC(g/g); AUL(0.9 psi) (g/g); GBP (Darcy); AAP(0.7 psi) (g/g) and SFC(10⁻⁷*cm³*s*g⁻¹). All % in the table means wt % as defined herein. Thesilica used in the examples is SIPERNAT® 22S; the aluminum sulfate isAl₂(SO₄)₃×14 H₂O.

TABLE 2 (1 molEDA + 3.7 molAGE) Examples 1-20 of ParticulateSuperabsorbent Polymer Composition including Internal Crosslinker 1.1.92 g of Internal Crosslinker 1 was added to the solution as set forthin making the Particulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition and theresulting particulate superabsorbent polymer was surface crosslinked andsurface treated as set forth in Table 2 to form Examples 1-20 of theparticulate superabsorbent polymer composition. Pre-Treatment before SXSX step Post-treatment after SX Properties Al- Al- Temp- Time Al- Al-AUL AAP No. EC Water Silica lactate Sulfate erature min Water Silicalactate Sulfate CRC (0.9 psi) GBP (0.7 psi) SFC  1 1% 3% —  0.3% — 180°C. 30 — — — — 26.6 22.9  14 23.3  70  2 1% 3% —  0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — —— 27.9 23.1  13 24.0  45  3 1% 3% — —  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.5 22.7 25 22.5  69  4 1% 3% — —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 25.8 22.7  33 23.3138  5 1% 3% 0.5% — — 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.2 20.9  90 21.1 140  6 1% 3%0.5% — — 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.9 20.5  94 21.3 151  7 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% —180° C. 30 — — — — 26.4 19.4  87 20.5  8 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 170° C. 90 —— — — 27.3 19.8  72 20.9  9 1% 3% 0.5% —  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.819.9  81 21.0 10 1% 3% 0.5% —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.4 19.7 12021.1 11 1% 3% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.4 19.9  91 20.9 121% 3% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.2 20.5  74 21.7 13 1% 3% —— — 180° C. 30 — 0.5% — — 26.9 23.0  24 24.1  46 14 1% 3% — — — 170° C.90 — 0.5% — — 27.3 23.3  32 23.4  68 15 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.3% — 26.8 19.4  72 20.6 16 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5%  0.3% —26.5 19.4  61 21.4 17 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 27.1 19.6 75 21.2 18 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 26.3 19.6  66 20.9 191% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 26.4 19.9  50 21.2 20 1% 3% —— — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 26.4 20.0  49 21.6

TABLE 3 (1 molEDA + 3.7 molAGE + 0.3 mol PO) Examples 21-40 ofParticulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition including InternalCrosslinker 2. 1.92 g of Internal Crosslinker 2 was added to thesolution as set forth in making the Particulate Superabsorbent PolymerComposition and the resulting particulate superabsorbent polymer wassurface crosslinked and surface treated as set forth in Table 3 to formExamples 21-40 of the particulate superabsorbent polymer composition.Pre-Treatment before SX SX step Post-treatment after SX Properties Al-Al- Temp- Time Al- Al- AUL AAP No. EC Water Silica lactate Sulfateerature min Water Silica lactate Sulfate CRC (0.9 psi) GBP (0.7 psi) SFC21 1% 3% —  0.3% — 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.6 22.8  5 24.4  28 22 1% 3% — 0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — — — 28.5 23.6  6 24.7  34 23 1% 3% — —  0.3% 180°C. 30 — — — — 26.4 22.2  24 23.6  64 24 1% 3% — —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — —— 26.9 22.8  25 24.0  59 25 1% 3% 0.5% — — 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.8 20.0 90 21.6 100 26 1% 3% 0.5% — — 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.3 20.5  91 21.7 10427 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.3 20.2  12 21.4 110 28 1% 3%0.5%  0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.1 20.6 110 21.1 123 29 1% 3% 0.5%  —%  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 25.9 20.0 146 21.3 246 30 1% 3% 0.5%  — % 0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.5 20.1 140 21.7 153 31 1% 3% 0.5% 0.15%0.15% 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.6 19.6  95 20.9 121 32 1% 3% 0.5% 0.15%0.15% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.6 20.3  96 21.4 207 33 1% 3% — — — 180° C.30 — 0.5% — — 26.5 23.3  15 24.5  54 34 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 — 0.5% —— 28.0 23.0  10 24.8  44 35 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5%  0.3% — 26.020.0  58 20.5  89 36 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5%  0.3% — 26.7 19.4 79 20.9 108 37 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 25.9 19.0  8721.2  86 38 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 26.8 19.1 106 20.7 80 39 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 25.6 19.7  67 20.6  9440 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 26.8 18.8  94 20.2  94

TABLE 4 (1 molEDA + 3.7 molAGE + 0.035% SR454) Examples 41-60 ofParticulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition including InternalCrosslinker including Internal Crosslinker 1 plus a second internalcrosslinker 1.92 g of Internal Crosslinker 1 and 0.224 g of SR-454 wereadded to the solution as set forth in making the ParticulateSuperabsorbent Polymer Composition and the resulting particulatesuperabsorbent polymer was surface crosslinked and surface treated asset forth in Table 4 to form Examples 41-60 of the particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition. Pre-Treatment before SX SX stepPost-treatment after SX Properties Al- Al- Temp- Time Al- Al- AUL AAPNo. EC Water Silica lactate Sulfate erature min Water Silica lactateSulfate CRC (0.9 psi) GBP (0.7 psi) SFC 41 1% 3% —  0.3% — 180° C. 30 —— — — 27.8 23.1 11 24.0  46 42 1% 3% —  0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — — — 28.023.1 12 24.2  55 43 1% 3% — —  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 28.1 23.4 26 23.8 63 44 1% 3% — —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.3 23.3 52 24.0  67 45 1% 3%0.5% — — 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.7 20.6 115  21.8 153 46 1% 3% 0.5% — —170° C. 90 — — — — 27.4 20.6 57 22.0 151 47 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 180° C.30 — — — — 27.8 21.2 50 21.2 48 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — — —27.6 20.8 47 21.7 49 1% 3% 0.5%  — %  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 26.5 20.947 21.8 50 1% 3% 0.5%  — %  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.1 20.3 34 22.4 511% 3% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.8 20.0 87 21.3 52 1% 3%0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.9 21.1 74 21.9 53 1% 3% — — —180° C. 30 — %  0.5% — — 27.4 23.3 11 25.0  29 54 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90— %  0.5% — — 27.3 23.4 17 24.8  45 55 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.3% — 27.1 19.7 56 21.4 56 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5%  0.3% — 26.619.5 54 21.6 57 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 26.0 19.6 44 20.358 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% —  0.3% 26.2 19.8 67 21.7 59 1% 3% — —— 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 26.8 19.9 53 21.5 60 1% 3% — — — 170°C. 90 4% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 26.7 20.3 51 21.7

TABLE 5 (1 molEDA + 3.7 molAGE + 0.035% SR454) Examples 61-80 ofParticulate Superabsorbent Polymer Composition including InternalCrosslinker including Internal Crosslinker 1 plus a second internalcrosslinker 1.92 g of Internal Crosslinker 2 and 0.224 g of SR-454 wereadded to the solution as set forth in making the ParticulateSuperabsorbent Polymer Composition and the resulting particulatesuperabsorbent polymer was surface crosslinked and surface treated asset forth in Table 5 to form Examples 61-80 of the particulatesuperabsorbent polymer composition. Pre-Treatment before SX SX stepPost-treatment after SX Properties Al- Al- Temp- Time Al- Al- AUL AAPNo. EC Water Silica lacatate Sulfate erature min Water Silica lactateSulfate CRC (0.9 psi) GBP (0.7 psi) SFC 61 1% 3% —  0.3% — 180° C. 30 —— — — 27.6 22.5  9 24.0  47 62 1% 3% —  0.3% — 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.722.9  13 24.1  46 63 1% 3% — —  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.1 22.2  3223.1  51 64 1% 3% — —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.7 22.5  22 23.5  49 651% 3% 0.5% — — 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.2 19.1 101 21.6  65 66 1% 3% 0.5% —— 170° C. 90 — — — — 27.6 19.9  92 21.8  70 67 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 180°C. 30 — — — — 27.0 19.1  97 20.7 101 68 1% 3% 0.5%  0.3% — 170° C. 90 —— — — 27.2 19.3 123 21.5 107 69 1% 3% 0.5% —  0.3% 180° C. 30 — — — —27.2 19.2 110 21.6 110 70 1% 3% 0.5% —  0.3% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.919.8 121 21.4  97 71 1% 3% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 180° C. 30 — — — — 27.1 20.7 34 20.9  69 72 1% 3% 0.5% 0.15% 0.15% 170° C. 90 — — — — 26.8 23.4  9422.0 134 73 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 — 0.5% — — 26.9 23.2  15 24.6  60 741% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 — 0.5% — — 27.8 23.3  12 24.6  50 75 1% 3% — — —180° C. 30 4% 0.5%  0.3% — 25.7 19.2  86 21.1  95 76 1% 3% — — — 170° C.90 4% 0.5%  0.3% — 26.7 19.0  86 21.0  73 77 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4%0.5% —  0.3% 25.4 19.9  99 21.4 105 78 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% — 0.3% 26.4 20.0 121 20.9  85 79 1% 3% — — — 180° C. 30 4% 0.5% 0.15%0.15% 25.7 19.8 102 21.0  78 80 1% 3% — — — 170° C. 90 4% 0.5% 0.15%0.15% 26.5 19.9  86 21.0  89

As shown in Examples 1-80 in the foregoing tables, that superabsorbentpolymers made with internal crosslinker composition comprising thereaction product of amines and glycidyl compounds and having lowresidual amounts of glycidyl compounds in the internal crosslinkercomposition result in superabsorbent polymer compositions havingdesirous performance properties.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Other than in the operating examples, or where otherwiseindicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reactionconditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to beunderstood as being modified in all instances by the term “about”. Anynumerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarilyresulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testingmeasurements.

1-35. (canceled)
 36. A process to make a crosslinking compositioncomprising the steps of a) preparing a crosslinker monomer mixture byreacting amines and glycidyl compounds selected from, (i) saturatedamines and/or saturated polyamines with ethylenically unsaturatedglycidyl compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidylcompounds, or (ii) ethylenically unsaturated amines and/or ethylenicallyunsaturated polyamines with saturated glycidyl compounds and/orsaturated polyglycidyl compounds, or (iii) ethylenically unsaturatedamines and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyamines with ethylenicallyunsaturated glycidyl compounds and/or ethylenically unsaturatedpolyglycidyl compounds; wherein the amount of the amines and glycidylcompounds includes a stoichiometric excess of amines/NH-functions. 37.The process according to claim 36 further wherein the crosslinkingcomposition has a residual glycidyl compounds of less than about 100 ppmas determined by the Glycidyl Compound in Amine-Glycidyl CompoundReaction Products Test set forth herein.
 38. The process according toclaim 36 wherein the ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl and/orethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds are selected fromethylene glycol monoglycidyl ether and the related C₁-C₆-alkyl ethers oresters thereof; glycidol, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, (meth)allylglycidyl ethers, polyethylene glycol monoglycidyl ethers and the relatedC₁-C₆-alkyl ethers or esters thereof; vinyl glycidyl ethers,glycidyl(meth)acrylates, glycidyl(meth)allyl ethers, or1-halogen-2,3-epoxypropane; ethylene glycol or polyglycol diglycidylethers; glycerol, trimethylolpropane, or pentaerythritol triglycidylethers; polyglycerol polyglycidyl ethers, sorbitol polyglycidyl ethers,or their mixtures thereof.
 39. The process according to claim 36 whereinthe ethylenically unsaturated glycidyl and/or ethylenically unsaturatedpolyglycidyl compounds comprise glycidyl compounds that comprisepolyethylene glycol chains having from about 0.3 about 0.4 mol ofpropylene oxide per mol of internal crosslinker composition.
 40. Theprocess according to claim 36 wherein the ethylenically unsaturatedglycidyl and/or ethylenically unsaturated polyglycidyl compounds areselected from (meth)allyl glycidyl ethers or glycidyl (meth)acrylate.41. The process according to claim 36 wherein the saturated aminesand/or saturated polyamines or ethylenically unsaturated amines and/orethylenically unsaturated polyamines are selected from (mono, di andpoly)aminoalkanes, (mono, di and poly)aminopolyethers, allylamine,alkyl(meth)allylamines, e.g., methyl allylamine, methyl methallylamine,ethyl methallylamine, and ethyl allylamine; methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- andbutylamine, diallylamine, dimethallylamine, aniline, ethylenediamine,diethylenetriamine, hexamethylenediamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine,neopentane diamine, 1,2-propylenediamine, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine,4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine, polyether diamines, polyalkylene glycoldiamines, 3-amino-1-methylaminopropane, bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine,isophorone diamine, 4,4′-diaminodicyclohexylmethane,1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, o-, m-, or p-phenylenediamine,4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone,2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine, aminopyridine, glucosamine, and mixturesthereof.
 42. The process according to claim 36 wherein the saturatedamines and/or saturated polyamines are selected from ethylene diamine,diallylamine, diethylene triamine, or hexamethylenediamine.
 43. Acrosslinking composition comprising the crosslinking composition made bythe process of claim
 36. 44. (canceled)
 45. An absorbent articlecomprising (a) a liquid pervious topsheet; (b) a liquid imperviousbacksheet; (c) a core positioned between (a) and (b) and comprising fromabout 50% to about 100% of the particulate superabsorbent polymercomposition of claim 19 and from 0% to 50% by weight of hydrophilicfiber material; (d) optionally a tissue layer positioned directly aboveand below said core (c); and (e) optionally an acquisition layerpositioned between (a) and (c). 46-48. (canceled)